Ethnology of Tokelau Islands
Contents
page [i]
Contents
Page | |
Introduction | 3 |
Acknowledgments | 3 |
Position in Polynesia | 4 |
Geography | 5 |
Fakaofu | 5 |
Nukunono | 7 |
Atafu | 7 |
Olosenga | 7 |
Winds and Currents | 10 |
Water Supply | 10 |
Botany | 11 |
People | 12 |
Language | 13 |
History | 16 |
Legendary period | 16 |
Historical period | 19 |
Conquests by Fakaofu | 19 |
Succession of island chiefs | 23 |
Contacts with other islands | 26 |
Western contact | 28 |
Discovery | 28 |
Missions | 32 |
Present government | 34 |
Social organization | 35 |
Biological family | 35 |
Birth | 35 |
Childhood | 38 |
Puberty | 39 |
Circumcision | 39 |
Courtship and marriage | 40 |
Adult life | 42 |
Death and burial | 43 |
The household | 44 |
The kindred | 45 |
Kinship terms | 45 |
Kindred relationships | 46 |
Organization of Atafu kindred | 47 |
Men's houses | 48 |
Government | 49 |
The high chief | 50 |
The council | 53 |
Judge and priests | 53 |
Land | 53 |
Division of atoll lands | 53 |
Atafu village divisions | 55 |
Laws | 57 page [ii] |
Religion | 59 |
Gods | 59 |
Supreme deity | 59 |
Nature gods | 60 |
Nature spirits | 61 |
Ancestral gods | 62 |
Totemic gods | 63 |
Priests | 63 |
Election of priests | 64 |
God houses | 65 |
Ceremony to Tui Tokelau | 66 |
Land of the dead | 69 |
Sickness | 69 |
Beliefs | 69 |
Treatment | 70 |
Massage | 70 |
Cauterizing | 72 |
Medicinal treatment | 73 |
Dancing | 73 |
Music | 74 |
Instruments | 74 |
Percussion instruments | 74 |
Wind instruments | 75 |
Singing | 76 |
Tales | 79 |
Sina myths | 80 |
The story of Tae-a-Tangaloa | 85 |
The story of Pupunatavai | 87 |
Nature lore | 89 |
Winds | 90 |
Calendar | 90 |
Nights in the phases of the moon | 91 |
Material culture | 92 |
Fishing | 92 |
Groping and probing | 93 |
Lures | 93 |
Fish traps | 94 |
Spear | 94 |
Bow and arrow | 94 |
Nets | 95 |
Scoop nets | 95 |
Dip nets | 96 |
Seines | 97 |
Rites | 98 |
Noose fishing | 98 |
Turtle fishing | 99 |
Angling | 100 |
One-piece hook | 101 |
Ruvettus hook | 103 |
Ruvettus fishing | 105 |
Trolling hooks | 105 |
Bonito rod | 109 |
Tapus | 109 |
Bonito fishing | 110 page [iii] |
Canoes | 112 |
Rites in canoe-building | 113 |
Materials | 113 |
Fishing canoe | 114 |
Construction of the hull | 114 |
Bow cover | 117 |
Stern cover | 117 |
Outrigger | 117 |
Lifting pieces and seats | 118 |
Bailer | 119 |
Care | 119 |
Sailing canoe | 119 |
Double canoe | 120 |
Mast and block | 121 |
The sail | 122 |
Steering oars | 122 |
Sailing the double canoe | 122 |
Houses | 123 |
Types of ancient houses | 123 |
Dwelling house | 123 |
God house | 124 |
Men's house | 125 |
Cook house | 125 |
Canoe house | 125 |
Storage house | 125 |
Construction | 126 |
Framework | 127 |
Thatching | 127 |
Plaiting | 129 |
Pandanus leaf plaiting | 130 |
Preparation of materials | 130 |
Dye | 130 |
Plaiting accessories | 131 |
Pandanus mats | 131 |
Coconut leaf plaiting | 135 |
Food dish | 136 |
Baskets | 136 |
Fans | 137 |
Cordage | 138 |
Bark fiber cord | 138 |
Sennit cord | 139 |
Sennit braid | 139 |
Coils | 140 |
Clothing | 140 |
Malo | 141 |
Men's kilt | 141 |
Women's titi | 142 |
Headbands and sandals | 142 |
Ornamentation and tattooing | 142 |
Food | 145 |
The kitchen | 145 |
Cooking utensils | 145 |
Variety and preparation of foods | 147 |
Meals | 150 |
Food ceremony | 151 |
Sacred food | 151 page [iv] |
Adzes | 152 |
Drills, needles, and gauges | 154 |
Pump drill | 154 |
Thatching awl | 156 |
Thatching needle | 156 |
Netting needle | 156 |
Netting gauge | 156 |
Canoe-lashing needle | 156 |
Fishing boxes | 157 |
Weapons and fighting | 157 |
Summary | 159 |
Comparisons | 159 |
People and history | 159 |
Language | 159 |
Social organization | 160 |
Birth | 160 |
Burial | 160 |
Kinship system | 161 |
Men's houses | 162 |
Government | 162 |
Religion | 162 |
Supreme deity | 162 |
Nature gods | 163 |
Priests | 163 |
God houses | 163 |
Maraes | 164 |
Ceremonies | 165 |
Mythology | 166 |
Music and dancing | 167 |
Nature lore | 167 |
Calendar | 167 |
Material culture | 169 |
Fishing | 169 |
Canoes | 169 |
Houses | 170 |
Clothing | 171 |
Ornaments and tattooing | 171 |
Food | 172 |
Adzes | 172 |
Wooden fishing buckets | 173 |
Conclusions | 173 |
Literature cited in text | 179 |
Literature cited in summary | 180 |
Text figures 1–25 | |
Plates 1–10 |