The Farthest Promised Land — English Villagers, New Zealand Immigrants of the 1870s
7 Lincolnshire and the Northern Wolds
7 Lincolnshire and the Northern Wolds
1 Joan Thirsk, English Peasant Farming: The Agrarian History of Lincolnshire from Tudor to Recent Times, London, 1957, pp.2, 257–62
2 Ibid., p.237
3 Written 1861, first published 1864. See Tennyson, Poems, ed. Christopher Ricks, London, 1969, pp.1123–26
4 Arthur Young, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Lincoln, London, 1799, pp.382, 244
5 J. A. Clarke, ‘On the Farming of Lincolnshire’, JRASE, 12 (1851), pp.330–31
6 VCH Lincolnshire, II (1906), p.405
7 Ibid., p.401
8 Ibid., p.406
9 Ibid
10 Russell, ‘Revolt of the Field’ in Lincolnshire, p.93
11 VCH Lincolnshire, II (1906), p.499
12 Rex C. Russell, A History of Schools and Education in Lindsey, Lincolnshire: 1800–1902, 4 vols., Lincoln, 1965–67, I, p.68 — hereinafter cited as Russell, Education in Lindsey
13 Russell, Education in Lindsey, III, pp.81–82
14 PPGB 1867–8, 17, p.284
15 Ibid., p.283
16 A private gang worked permanently for one farm, under a ganger who was in the farmer's employ. A public gang was employed by an independent gangmaster, and moved from farm to farm on contract work.
17 PPGB 1867–8, 17, p.283
18 Ibid., p.285
19 Ibid
20 Ibid. p.284
21 Russell, Education in Lindsey, II, pp.27–34
22 Stamford Mercury, 10 July 1863, cited Russell, Education in Lindsey, II, p.32
23 Russell, Education in Lindsey, III, pp.54, 83
24 Ibid., IV, pp.46–47, 51–52; George Lester, Grimsby Methodism (1743–1889), London, 1890, p.106
25 Charles Turner [Revd Charles Tennyson-Turner], Small Tableaux, London, 1868, p.71
26 Alan Everitt, The Pattern of Rural Dissent: the Nineteenth Century, Leicester, 1972, p.67
27 Turner, Small Tableaux, p.63
28 Russell, Education in Lindsey, I, p.18
29 Ibid., III, p.65
30 PPGB., 1867–8, 17, p.283
31 Ibid., p.72
32 Russell, ‘Revolt of the Field’ in Lincolnshire, p.28
33 White's Lincolnshire Directory 1872, sub. Rothwell; Stamford Mercury. 20 November 1874, p.5
34 IM 10/3; Labourer (Boston), 31 July 1875, p.6
35 Thirsk, English Peasant Farming, p.146; VCH Lincolnshire, II (1906), pp.412–13
36 Russell, Education in Lindsey, IV, pp.31–32; Lester, Grimsby Methodism, p.107
37 The main sources for this account of Francis Sowerby are Grimsby Observer, 22 September 1886, p.2 (Obituary); Memorial Sketch of Mr Francis Sowerby of Aylesby, [? Grimsby, ?1890]; Enumerators' Schedules for Aylesby, censuses of 1841, 1851, and 1871.
38 Dunbabin, ‘The “Revolt of the Field”.’ p.70; Peacock, Revolt of the Fields in East Anglia, pp.9–10
39 G. Kitson Clark, The Making of Victorian England, London, 1962, p.122
40 The main source for this account of John H. White is an unpublished typescript by his son George Herbert White, in the possession of his granddaughter, Miss Judith White, of Wellington, N.Z. It is entitled ‘Autobiographical Sketches’ and dated ‘New Plymouth, 1952’. This account has been checked where possible against contemporary records, and found remarkably accurate. H. R. Wright, John H. White and the Coast Mission, [Auckland], 1960, is concerned mainly with White's later life in New Zealand.
41 G. H. White, ‘Autobiographical Sketches’, p.16
42 RG 10/3417, Public Record Office, London
43 ‘Caistor and Laceby Circuit Schedules 1868–1889’, County Archives, Lincoln
44 Russell, ‘Revolt of the Field’ in Lincolnshire, p.55
45 ‘Caistor and Laceby Circuit Schedules’; Harry Tomlinson, A Farm Labourer's Report of New Zealand, Grimsby, 1876, p.3
46 Labour League Examiner (Boston), 22 August 1874, p.1
47 Ibid., 16 May 1874, p.2
48 Ibid., p.1
49 RG 10/3420 Public Record Office, London. He sailed by the Waimea on 2 July 1876.
50 Russell, ‘Revolt of the Field’ in Lincolnshire, pp.68–69
51 Labourer (Boston), 20 Feburary 1875, p.6
52 Ibid., 9 September 1876, p.1
53 Labour League Examiner, 23 May 1874, p.2
54 Russell, ‘Revolt of the Field’ in Lincolnshire, p.68
55 Henry Tomlinson, Diary of … Voyage out to New Zealand…, Laceby, 1875, p.15
56 Labour League Examiner, 6 June 1874, p.4
57 Labourer (Boston) 16 January 1875, p.6; 23 January 1875, p.4
58 Ibid., 6 March 1875, p.4
59 Ibid., 26 June 1875, p.6
60 Ibid., 18 December 1875
61 Ibid., 1 July 1876, p.1
62 Labour League Examiner, 23 May 1874, p.2
63 Ibid., 22 August 1874, p.1
64 Ibid., 15 August 1874, p.1
65 Ibid., 23 May 1874, p.2; Duncan to Provincial Government, 10 July 1874, Papers Laid on the Table, Canterbury Provincial Council, Session XLII, No. 27, MS, Canterbury Museum Library.
66 Labour League Examiner, 15 August 1874, p.3; 5 September 1874, p.1; 26 September 1874, p.3
67 Stamford Mercury, 18 September 1874
68 They included John Hand, 60, farm labourer, his wife; his son Charles, 34, and his wife and three children; also William Maltby, 37, and his wife.
69 Labour League Examiner, 22 August 1874, p.1
70 Tomlinson, Diary, p.14
71 Labour League Examiner, 29 August 1874
72 Labourer (Boston), 24 April 1875, p.3. The link with Caistor is suggested by Traves's reference to ‘R. Coalbeck’, as one of those ‘that helped me out here’. This is probably ‘R. Coulbeck (miner)’ who spoke at a labourers' meeting in page 370 Caistor in March 1872 — see Russell, ‘Revolt of the Field’ in Lincolnshire, p.28. (Ironstone was mined at Nettleton.)
73 Labourer (Boston), 20 March 1875, p.3
74 Ibid., p.5
75 Ibid., p.3; 3 April 1875, p.3; 10 April 1875, p.6
76 CNZ, III, p.585
77 IM 6/4/1 — 76/548
78 Ibid.; Labourer (Boston), 30 September 1876, p.1
79 Labourer (Boston), 26 February 1876, p.3; RFNZ, p.O8
80 Rollo Arnold, ‘English Rural Unionism and Taranaki Immigration’, N.Z. Journal of History, 6 (1972), p.33
81 Taranaki Herald, 2 June 1875
82 Labourer (Boston), 20 February 1875, p.6
83 A.C. Sinclair, A History of Beelsby, London, 1947, p.8; Russell, Education in Lindsey, IV, p.30
84 Labourer (Boston), 27 March, 10 April, 1875
85 Ibid., 17 April 1875, p.4; ‘Caistor and Laceby Circuit Schedules’.
86 Labourer (Boston), 13 February 1875, p.5
87 Ibid., 5 June 1875, p.2
88 Ibid., 4 December 1875, 29 April 1876
89 CNZ, VI, p.175
90 Labourer (Boston), 10 July 1875, p.5
91 Ibid., 24 April 1875, p.4
92 Ibid., 8 May 1875, p.3
93 Ibid., 10 July 1875, p.6; Taranaki Herald, 11 September 1875, 19 February 1876
94 Labourer (Boston), 7 August 1875
95 Labour League Examiner, 29 August 1874, p.4
96 Taranaki Herald, 15 December 1875
97 Labourer (Boston), 23 October 1875, p.7
98 Ibid., 5 August 1876, p.1